Logo
Submit Your Article
RU
cover

Polarized deuterons in the spin transparency mode at the NICA accelerator complex

Поляризованные дейтроны в режиме спиновой прозрачности на ускорительном комплексе NICА

Abstract

The specific features of spin dynamics control for polarized deuterons in the NICA accelerator complex (JINR, Dubna) are discussed. While the small deuteron G-factor simplifies the preservation of polarization during acceleration to relativistic energies, it simultaneously creates significant technical difficulties for controlling the spin orientation in the experimental area. Conventional spin-rotator methods based on strong transverse magnetic fields cannot be employed for deuterons, because they would demand unfeasibly large field integrals. As a solution, the spin transparency (ST) mode is proposed, which allows stabilizing any desired polarization direction at a given point of the orbit using spin navigators based on weak quasi-stationary magnetic fields. An analysis of deuteron polarization preservation in the Nuclotron and NICA collider rings is performed for different operating points of betatron tunes. For the NICA collider, two implementations of the ST mode are considered: at a single integer spin resonance (γG = −1) at a momentum of 13 GeV/c, and in a continuous energy range using two solenoidal snakes. The prospects for constructing a new figure-8 shaped injector for polarized deuterons are discussed, which provides the ST mode over the entire energy range without using snakes and also opens up opportunities for experiments with internal and external targets.

References

[1] G. G. Ohlsen, Polarization transfer and spin correlation experiments in nuclear physics, Rept. Prog. Phys. 35 (1972) 717–801. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/35/2/305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/35/2/305

[2] A. A. Belushkina, V. P. Ershov, V. V. Fimushkin, G. I. Gai, L. S. Kotova, Y. K. Pilipenko, V. V. Smelyansky, A. I. Valevich, The cryogenic source “CRYPOL 2” of polarized hydrogen and deuterium atoms, AIP Conf. Proc. 51 (1979) 351–361. doi:10.1063/1.31782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.31782

[3] V. V. Fimushkin, A. D. Kovalenko, L. V. Kutuzova, Y. V. Prokofichev, B. Shutov, A. S. Belov, V. N. Zubets, A. V. Turbabin, Development of polarized ion source for the JINR accelerator complex, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 678 (1) (2016) 012058. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/678/1/012058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/678/1/012058

[4] A. Belov, E. Donets, V. Fimushkin, A. Kovalenko, L. Kutuzova, Y. Prokofichev, V. Shutov, A. Turbabin, V. Zubets, Source of polarized ions for the JINR accelerator complex, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 938 (2017) 012017. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/938/1/012017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/938/1/012017

[5] A. Belov, A multi-milliampere polarized and unpolarized negative ion source for IUCF, Vol. 3, 2001, pp. 2093–2095. doi:10.1109/PAC.2001.987287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PAC.2001.987287

[6] V. V. Avdeichikov, N. G. Anishchenko, B. V. Vasilishin, V. I. Volkov, I. I. Kulikov, V. A. Monchinsky, P. V. Nomokonov, Y. K. Pilipenko, V. V. Seleznev, Measurement of vector polarization of deuteron beams at LU-20 linear accelerator exit, JINR-13-84-20, 1984.

[7] V. V. Avdeichikov, N. G. Anishchenko, B. V. Vasilishin, V. I. Volkov, I. I. Kulikov, V. A. Monchinsky, P. V. Nomokonov, Y. K. Pilipenko, V. V. Fimushkin, Measurement of the tensor polarization of the deuteron beam in the LU-20 linac exit, JINR Preprint P10-90-106, 1990.

[8] P. Kurilkin, V. Ladygin, T. Uesaka, K. Suda, Y. Gurchin, A. Isupov, K. Itoh, M. Janek, J. Karachuk, T. Kawabata, A. Khrenov, A. Kiselev, V. Kizka, J. Kliman, V. Krasnov, A. Livanov, Y. Maeda, A. Malakhov, V. Matoušek, T. Vasiliev, The 270 MeV deuteron beam polarimeter at the Nuclotron internal target station, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 642 (2011) 45. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.03.054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.03.054

[9] L. Azhgirey, V. Ladygin, F. Lehar, A. Prokofiev, G. Stoletov, A. Zhdanov, V. Zhmyrov, Intermediate-energy polarimeter for the measurement of the deuteron and proton beam polarization at the JINR Synchrophasotron, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 497 (2003) 340–349. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01793-X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01793-X

[10] A. N. Zelenski, V. P. Ladygin, V. V. Fimushkin, V. B. Dunin, K. A. Ivshin, A. N. Solovev, R. A. Shindin, S. N. Zhabin, Y. N. Filatov, A. A. Chernikova, A. S. Belov, Polarimetry in the accelerator complex of the NICA collider, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 23 (2) (2026) 196–201. doi: 10.1134/S1547477125702103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477125702103

[11] V. Fimushkin, N. Piskunov, E. Strokovsky, V. Ladygin, Y. Filatov, E. Syresin, Synchrophasotron and Nuclotron equipment for investigation of polarization phenomena, Natural Sci. Rev. 3 (2026) 200608. doi:10.54546/NaturalSciRev.200608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54546/NaturalSciRev.200608

[12] L. L. Frankfurt, M. I. Strikman, High-energy phenomena, short range nuclear structure and QCD, Phys. Rept. 76 (1981) 215–347. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(81)90129-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(81)90129-0

[13] C. Lechanoine-LeLuc, F. Lehar, Nucleon–nucleon elastic scattering and total cross-sections, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65 (1993) 47–86. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.65.47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.65.47

[14] B. Kuhn, V. P. Ladygin, P. K. Manyakov, N. M. Piskunov, I. M. Sitnik, E. A. Strokovsky, L. Penchev, A. P. Kobushkin, The measurements of the polarization transfer coefficient in the (d, p) reaction at a fixed proton momentum 4.5-GeV/c and a deuteron momentum range of 6-GeV/c to 9-GeV/c, Phys. Lett. B 334 (1994) 298–303. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(94)90692-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)90692-0

[15] L. Azhgirey, S. Afanasyev, E. Chernykh, K. Alexander, V. Ladygin, S. Nedev, L. Penchev, C. Perdrisat, N. Piskunov, V. Punjabi, I. Sitnik, G. Stoletov, E. Strokovsky, A. Syamtomov, S. Zaporozhets, Measurement of the tensor analyzing power T(20) in inclusive deuteron breakup at 9-GeV/c on hydrogen and carbon, Phys. Lett. B 387 (1996) 37–42. doi:10.1016/0370 2693(96) 01007-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(96)01007-6

[16] A. Nomofilov, V. Perelygin, V. Peresedov, A. Senner, V. Sharov, V. Sotnikov, L. Strunov, A. Zarubin, L. Zolin, S. Belostotsky, A. Izotov, V. Nelubin, V. Sulimov, V. Vikhrov, T. Dzikowski, A. Korejwo, Measurement of polarization transfer and the tensor analyzing power in polarized deuteron break-up with deuteron momenta up to 9 GeV/c, Phys. Lett. B 325 (1994) 327–332. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(94)90020-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)90020-5

[17] T. Aono, E. V. Chernykh, T. Dzikowski, T. Hasegawa, N. Horikawa, T. Iwata, A. A. Izotov, A. A. Nomofilov, A. Ogawa, V. V. Perelygin, T. Sasaki, V. I. Sharov, D. A. Smolin, V. N. Sotnikov, L. N. Strunov, S. Toyoda, T. Yamada, S. A. Zaporozhets, A. V. Zarubin, V. E. Zhiltsov, L. S. Zolin, Measurement of the tensor analyzing power T20 for d↑ + 12C → p(0◦) + X in the region of high internal momenta in the deuteron, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 4997–5000. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4997

[18] L. Azhgirey, E. Chernykh, K. Alexander, V. Ladygin, S. Nedev, L. Penchev, C. Perdrisat, N. Piskunov, V. Punjabi, I. Sitnik, G. Stoletov, E. Strokovsky, A. Syamtomov, V. Vikhrov, L. Vizireva, S. Zaporozhets, Tensor analyzing power T(20) in backward elastic dp scattering and breakup at 0-degrees between 3.5-GeV/c and 6.5-GeV/c, Phys. Lett. B 391 (1997) 22–28. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(96)01455-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(96)01455-4

[19] L. Azhgirey, E. Chernykh, K. Alexander, V. Ladygin, S. Nedev, L. Penchev, C. Perdrisat, N. Piskunov, V. Punjabi, I. Sitnik, G. Stoletov, E. Strokovsky, A. Syamtomov, V. Vikhrov, L. Vizireva, Tensor analyzing powers in the reactions p(d, p)d and p(d, p)pn at zero angle for incident-deuteron momenta between 3.5 and 6.5 GeV/c, Phys. At. Nucl. 61 (1998) 432–447.

[20] C. F. Perdrisat, V. Punjabi, C. Lyndon, J. Yonnet, R. Beurtey, A. Boudard, F. Plouin, J. P. Didelez, R. Frascaria, T. Reposeur, et al., Cross-section and t20 in 0-degree deuteron breakup at 2.1-GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (1987) 2840–2843. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2840

[21] V. Punjabi, C. F. Perdrisat, P. Ulmer, C. Lyndon, J. Yonnet, R. Beurtey, M. Boivin, F. Plouin, A. Boudard, J. P. Didelez, et al., Deuteron breakup at 2.1-GeV and 1.25-GeV, Phys. Rev. C 39 (1989) 608–618. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.39.608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.39.608

[22] E. Cheung, C. F. Perdrisat, K. Beard, J. Yonnet, M. Boivin, R. Beurtey, F. Plouin, V. Punjabi, R. Siebert, R. Frascaria, et al., Polarization transfer in 1H(d, p)x at 2.1-GeV, Phys. Lett. B 284 (1992) 210–214. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(92)90422-Z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(92)90422-Z

[23] V. Punjabi, R. Abegg, S. Belostotsky, M. Boivin, A. Boudard, E. Cheung, V. Ladygin, J. Oh, L. Penchev, N. Piskunov, C. F. Perdrisat, et al., Measurement of polarization transfer κ0 and tensor analyzing power T20 in the backward elastic dp scattering, Phys. Lett. B 350 (1995) 178–183. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(95)00344-K. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)00344-K

[24] S. Afanasiev, V. Arkhipov, L. Azhgirey, V. Bondarev, E. Chernykh, M. Ehara, V. Ershov, G. Filipov, V. Fimushkin, S. Fukui, S. Hasegawa, T. Hasegawa, N. Horikawa, A. Isupov, T. Iwata, T. Kageya, V. Kashirin, M. Kawano, A. Khrenov, A. Kirillov, V. Kolesnikov, V. Ladygin, A. Litvinenko, A. Malakhov, T. Matsuda, I. Migulina, H. Nakayama, A. Nikiforov, A. Nomofilov, E. Osada, V. Penev, Y. Pilipenko, S. Reznikov, P. Rukoyatkin, A. Semenov, I. Semenova, V. Sharov, G. Stoletov, L. Strunov, N. Takabayashi, A. Wakai, N. Yudin, S. Zaporozhets, V. Zhmyrov, L. Zolin, Measurement of the tensor analyzing power Ayy in inclusive breakup of 9 GeV/c deuterons on carbon at large transverse momenta of protons, Phys. Lett. B 434 (1) (1998) 21–27. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00733-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00733-3

[25] V. P. Ladygin, L. S. Azhgirey, S. V. Afanasiev, V. V. Arkhipov, V. K. Bondarev, G. Filipov, A. Y. Isupov, V. I. Ivanov, A. A. Kartamyshev, V. A. Kashirin, A. N. Khrenov, V. I. Kolesnikov, V. A. Kuznetsov, N. B. Ladygina, A. G. Litvinenko, S. G. Reznikov, P. A. Rukoyatkin, A. Y. Semenov, I. A. Semenova, G. D. Stoletov, N. P. Yudin, V. N. Zhmyrov, L. S. Zolin, Measurement of the tensor-analyzing power Ayy in deuteron breakup at 4.5 GeV/c and 80 mr, Few-Body Syst. 32 (3) (2002) 127–141. doi:10.1007/s00601-002-0115-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00601-002-0115-3

[26] L. Azhgirey, S. Afanasiev, A. Isupov, V. Ivanov, A. Khrenov, V. Ladygin, A. Litvinenko, V. Peresedov, N. Yudin, V. Zhmyrov, L. Zolin, New data on tensor analyzing power Ayy of the relativistic deuteron breakup as additional test of deuteron structure at small distances, Phys. Lett. B 595 (1) (2004) 151–157. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2004.05.057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2004.05.057

[27] V. Ladygin, L. Azhgirey, S. Afanasiev, V. Arkhipov, V. Bondarev, Y. Borzounov, G. Filipov, L. Golovanov, A. Isupov, V. Ivanov, A. Kartamyshev, V. Kashirin, A. Khrenov, V. Kolesnikov, V. Kuznetsov, A. Litvinenko, S. Reznikov, P. Rukoyatkin, A. Semenov, I. Semenova, G. Stoletov, A. Tzvinev, N. Yudin, V. Zhmyrov, L. Zolin, Tensor analyzing power Ayy in deuteron inclusive breakup on hydrogen and carbon at 9 GeV/c and large proton transverse momenta, Phys. Lett. B 629 (2) (2005) 60–67. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2005.09.072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.09.072

[28] S. Afanasiev, Y. Anisimov, M. Fujieda, S. Fukui, T. Hasegawa, N. Horikawa, A. Y. Isupov, T. Iwata, A. Izotov, T. Kageya, Tensor analyzing power T20 for cumulative pion production from deuterons in a GeV energy region, Nucl. Phys. A 625 (1997) 817–831. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00394-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-9474(97)00394-1

[29] S. Afanasev, V. Arkhipov, V. Bondarev, M. Ehara, G. Filipov, S. Fukui, S. Hasegawa, T. Hasegawa, N. Horikawa, A. Isupov, T. Iwata, V. Kashirin, M. Kawano, T. Kageya, A. Khrenov, V. Kolesnikov, V. Ladygin, A. Litvinenko, A. Malakhov, T. Matsuda, H. Nakayama, A. Nikiforov, E. Osada, Y. Pilipenko, S. Reznikov, P. Rukoyatkin, A. Semenov, I. Semenova, N. Takabayashi, A. Wakai, L. Zolin, Fragmentation of tensor polarized deuterons into cumulative pions, Phys. Lett. B 445 (1998) 14–19. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)01455-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(98)01455-5

[30] L. Azhgirey, S. Afanasiev, Y. Borzounov, L. Golovanov, L. Zolin, V. Ivanov, A. Isupov, V. Ladygin, A. Litvinenko, A. Malakhov, V. Penev, V. Peresedov, Y. Pilipenko, S. Reznikov, P. Rukoyatkin, A. Khrenov, Investigation of the deuteron spin structure at short nucleon–nucleon distances in the reaction of polarized-deuteron fragmentation to cumulative pions, Phys. At. Nucl. 74 (2011) 1392–1409. doi:10.1134/S1063778811070027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778811070027

[31] P. Kurilkin, V. Ladygin, T. Uesaka, K. Suda, Y. Gurchin, A. Isupov, K. Itoh, M. Janek, J.-T. Karachuk, T. Kawabata, A. Khrenov, A. Kiselev, V. Kizka, V. Krasnov, N. Ladygina, A. Livanov, Y. Maeda, A. Malakhov, S. Piyadin, S. Reznikov, S. Sakaguchi, H. Sakai, Y. Sasamoto, K. Sekiguchi, M. Shikhalev, T. Vasiliev, H. Witala, Measurement of the vector and tensor analyzing powers for dp-elastic scattering at 880 MeV, Phys. Lett. B 715 (1) (2012) 61–65. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.07.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2012.07.022

[32] P. K. Kurilkin, V. P. Ladygin, T. Uesaka, K. Suda, Y. V. Gurchin, A. Y. Isupov, K. Itoh, M. Janek, J.-T. Karachuk, T. Kawabata, A. N. Khrenov, A. S. Kiselev, V. A. Kizka, V. A. Krasnov, N. B. Ladygina, A. N. Livanov, Y. Maeda, A. I. Malakhov, S. G. Reznikov, S. Sakaguchi, H. Sakai, Y. Sasamoto, K. Sekiguchi, M. A. Shikhalev, T. A. Vasiliev, Investigation of the angular dependence of the analyzing powers in the deuteron–proton elastic scattering at the Nuclotron, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 8 (10) (2011) 1081–1083. doi:10.1134/S1547477111100128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477111100128

[33] V. P. Ladygin, A. V. Averyanov, E. V. Chernykh, D. Enache, Y. V. Gurchin, A. Y. Isupov, M. Janek, J.-T. Karachuk, D. O. Krivenkov, P. K. Kurilkin, N. B. Ladygina, A. N. Livanov, S. M. Piyadin, S. G. Reznikov, Y. T. Skhomenko, A. A. Terekhin, A. V. Tishevsky, T. Uesaka, I. S. Volkov, Study of spin effects with polarized beams at Nuclotron, Phys. Part. Nucl. 57 (2026) 440–444. doi:10.1134/S1063779625701540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063779625701540

[34] K. Sekiguchi, H. Sakai, H. Okamura, N. Sakamoto, A. Tamii, T. Uesaka, T. Wakasa, Y. Satou, T. Ohnishi, K. Yako, S. Fukusaka, S. Sakoda, K. Suda, H. Kato, Y. Maeda, K. Itoh, T. Niizeki, Measurement of the vector and tensor analyzing powers for the d−p elastic scattering at ed = 270 MeV, Phys. Lett. B 367 (1996) 60–64. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(95)01398-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)01398-9

[35] K. Sekiguchi, H. Sakai, H. Witała, W. Glöckle, J. Golak, M. Hatano, H. Kamada, H. Kato, Y. Maeda, J. Nishikawa, A. Nogga, T. Ohnishi, H. Okamura, N. Sakamoto, S. Sakoda, Y. Satou, K. Suda, A. Tamii, T. Uesaka, T. Wakasa, K. Yako, Complete set of precise deuteron analyzing powers at intermediate energies: Comparison with modern nuclear force predictions, Phys. Rev. C 65 (2002) 034003. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.65.034003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.65.034003

[36] K. Sekiguchi, H. Sakai, H. Witala, K. Ermisch, W. Glöckle, J. Golak, M. Hatano, H. Kamada, N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, H. Kato, Y. Maeda, J. Nishikawa, A. Nogga, T. Ohnishi, H. Okamura, T. Saito, N. Sakamoto, S. Sakoda, Y. Satou, K. Suda, A. Tamii, T. Uchigashima, T. Uesaka, T. Wakasa, K. Yako, Polarization transfer measurement for 1H(d, p) 2H elastic scattering at 135-MeV/u and three nucleon force effects, Phys. Rev. C 70 (2004) 014001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC. 70.014001.

[37] B. P. Adiasevich, V. G. Antonenko, S. A. Averichev, L. S. Azhgirey, J. Ball, N. A. Bazhanov, B. Benda, N. S. Borisov, Y. T. Borzunov, E. I. Bunyatova, V. F. Burinov, E. V. Chernykh, S. A. Dolgii, G. Durand, A. P. Dzyubak, A. N. Fedorov, V. V. Fimushkin, J. M. Fontaine, V. V. Glagolev, L. B. Golovanov, D. P. Grosnick, G. M. Gurevich, D. A. Hill, A. V. Karpunin, T. E. Kasprzyk, B. A. Khachaturov, A. D. Kirillov, N. I. Kochelev, A. D. Kovalenko, A. I. Kovalev, M. V. Kulikov, V. P. Ladygin, A. B. Lazarev, F. Lehar, A. de Lesquen, M. Y. Liburg, D. Lopiano, A. A. Lukhanin, P. K. Maniakov, V. N. Matafonov, E. A. Matyushevsky, G. Mgebrishvili, S. V. Mironov, A. B. Neganov, G. P. Nikolaevsky, A. A. Nomofilov, Y. K. Pilipenko, I. L. Pisarev, N. M. Piskunov, Y. A. Plis, Y. P. Polunin, V. V. Polyakov, A. N. Prokofiev, D. A. Ronzhin, P. A. Rukoyatkin, J. L. Sans, V. I. Sharov, S. N. Shilov, Y. A. Shishov, V. B. Shutov, P. V. Sorokin, H. M. Spinka, A. Y. Starikov, G. D. Stoletov, E. A. Strokovsky, L. N. Strunov, A. L. Svetov, V. V. Teterin, S. V. Topalov, V. Y. Trautman, A. P. Tsvinev, Y. A. Usov, V. V. Vikhrov, V. I. Volkov, A. A. Yershov, V. P. Yershov, S. A. Zaporozhets, A. A. Zhdanov, Measurement of the total cross section difference ∆σL in np transmission at 1.19, 2.49 and 3.65 GeV, Z. Phys. C 71 (1) (1996) 65–74. doi:10.1007/s002880050148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002880050148

[38] V. I. Sharov, N. G. Anischenko, V. G. Antonenko, S. A. Averichev, L. S. Azhgirey, V. D. Bartenev, N. A. Bazhanov, A. A. Belyaev, N. A. Blinov, N. S. Borisov, S. B. Borzakov, Y. T. Borzunov, Y. P. Bushuev, L. P. Chernenko, E. V. Chernykh, V. F. Chumakov, S. A. Dolgii, A. N. Fedorov, V. V. Fimushkin, M. Finger, M. Finger, L. B. Golovanov, G. M. Gurevich, A. Janata, A. D. Kirillov, V. G. Kolomiets, E. V. Komogorov, A. D. Kovalenko, A. I. Kovalev, V. A. Krasnov, P. Krstonoshich, E. S. Kuzmin, V. P. Ladygin, A. B. Lazarev, F. Lehar, A. de Lesquen, M. Y. Liburg, A. N. Livanov, A. A. Lukhanin, P. K. Maniakov, V. N. Matafonov, E. A. Matyushevsky, V. D. Moroz, A. A. Morozov, A. B. Neganov, G. P. Nikolaevsky, A. A. Nomofilov, T. Panteleev, Y. K. Pilipenko, I. L. Pisarev, Y. A. Plis, Y. P. Polunin, A. N. Prokofiev, V. Y. Prytkov, P. A. Rukoyatkin, V. A. Schedrov, O. N. Schevelev, S. N. Shilov, R. A. Shindin, M. Slunečka, V. Slunečková, A. Y. Starikov, G. D. Stoletov, L. N. Strunov, A. L. Svetov, Y. A. Usov, T. Vasiliev, V. I. Volkov, E. I. Vorobiev, I. P. Yudin, I. V. Zaitsev, A. A. Zhdanov, V. N. Zhmyrov, Measurements of the total-cross-section difference ∆σL(np) at 1.39, 1.69, 1.89, and 1.99 GeV, Phys. At. Nucl. 68 (11) (2005) 1796–1811. doi:10.1134/1.2131111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/1.2131111

[39] V. Sharov, S. Zaporozhets, B. Adiasevich, N. Anischenko, V. Antonenko, L. Azhgirey, V. Bartenev, N. Bazhanov, N. Blinov, N. Borisov, S. Borzakov, Y. Borzunov, L. Budkin, V. Burinov, Y. Bushuev, L. Chernenko, E. Chernykh, S. Dolgii, V. Drobin, V. Zhmyrov, Measurements of the np total cross section difference ∆σL at 1.59, 1.79 and 2.20 GeV, Eur. Phys. J. C 13 (2000) 255–265. doi:10.1007/s100520000321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s100520000321

[40] J. M. Fontaine, F. Kunne, J. Bystricky, F. Lehar, A. De Lesquen, M. De Mali, L. van Rossum, J. Ball, P. Chesny, C. D. Lac, Energy dependence of the neutron proton total cross-section differences δσt and δσl between 0.31-GeV and 1.1-GeV, Nucl. Phys. B 358 (1991) 297–310. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90350-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(91)90350-7

[41] V. Punjabi, C. Perdrisat, M. Jones, E. Brash, C. Carlson, The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors, Eur. Phys. J. A 51 (2015). doi:10.1140/epja/i2015-15079-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2015-15079-x

[42] L. Azhgirey, V. Arefiev, I. Atanasov, S. Basilev, Y. Bushuev, V. Glagolev, M. Jones, D. Kirillov, P. Korovin, G. Kumbartzki, P. Manyakov, J. Mušinský, L. Pentchev, C. Perdrisat, V. Punjabi, N. Piskunov, I. Sitnik, V. Slepnev, I. Slepnev, E. Tomasi-Gustafsson, Measurement of analyzing powers for the reaction p↑ + CH2 at pp = 1.75−5.3 GeV/c, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A 538 (2005) 431–441. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2004.08.111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2004.08.111

[43] S. Basilev, Y. Bushuev, O. Gavrishchuk, V. Glagolev, D. Kirillov, N. Kostayeva, A. Kovalenko, K. Legostaeva, A. Livanov, I. Philippov, N. Piskunov, A. Povtoreiko, P. Rukoyatkin, R. Shindin, A. Shipunov, A. Shutov, I. Sitnik, V. Slepnev, I. Slepnev, J. Mušinsky, Measurement of neutron and proton analyzing powers on C, CH, CH2 and Cu targets in the momentum region 3–4.2 GeV/c, Eur. Phys. J. A 56 (2020) 26. doi:10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00032-z. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-020-00032-z

[44] V. G. Baryshevsky, High energy nuclear optics of polarized nucleons and nuclei: Research at the Nuclotron-M/NICA complex, Natural Sci. Rev. 3 (2026) 200607. doi:10.54546/NaturalSciRev.200607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54546/NaturalSciRev.200607

[45] L. S. Azhgirey, Y. V. Gurchin, A. Y. Isupov, A. N. Khrenov, A. S. Kiselev, A. K. Kurilkin, P. K. Kurilkin, V. P. Ladygin, A. G. Litvinenko, V. F. Peresedov, et al., Observation of tensor polarization of deuteron beam traveling through matter, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 5 (2008) 432. doi:10.1134/S1547477108050051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477108050051

[46] L. S. Azhgirei, T. A. Vasiliev, Y. V. Gurchin, V. N. Zhmyrov, L. S. Zolin, A. Y. Isupov, A. K. Kurilkin, P. K. Kurilkin, V. P. Ladygin, A. G. Litvinenko, et al., Measurement of tensor polarization of a deuteron beam passing through matter, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 7 (2010) 27. doi:10.1134/S1547477110010073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477110010073

[47] A. Arbuzov, A. Bacchetta, M. Butenschoen, F. Celiberto, U. D’Alesio, M. Deka, I. Denisenko, M. Echevarria, A. Efremov, N. Ivanov, A. Guskov, A. Karpishkov, Y. Klopot, B. Kniehl, A. Kotzinian, S. Kumano, J. Lansberg, K.-F. Liu, F. Murgia, M. Nefedov, B. Parsamyan, C. Pisano, M. Radici, A. Rymbekova, V. Saleev, A. Shipilova, Q.-T. Song, O. Teryaev, On the physics potential to study the gluon content of proton and deuteron at NICA SPD, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 119 (2021) 103858. doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103858

[48] V. V. Abramov, A. Aleshko, V. A. Baskov, E. Boos, V. Bunichev, O. D. Dalkarov, R. El-Kholy, A. Galoyan, A. V. Guskov, V. T. Kim, E. Kokoulina, I. A. Koop, B. F. Kostenko, A. D. Kovalenko, V. P. Ladygin, A. B. Larionov, A. I. L’vov, A. I. Milstein, V. A. Nikitin, N. N. Nikolaev, A. S. Popov, V. V. Polyanskiy, J.-M. Richard, S. G. Salnikov, A. A. Shavrin, P. Y. Shatunov, Y. M. Shatunov, O. V. Selyugin, M. Strikman, E. Tomasi-Gustafsson, V. V. Uzhinsky, Y. N. Uzikov, Q. Wang, Q. Zhao, A. V. Zelenov, Possible studies at the first stage of the NICA collider operation with polarized and unpolarized proton and deuteron beams, Phys. Part. Nucl. 52 (6) (2021) 1044–1119. doi:10.1134/S1063779621060022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063779621060022

[49] V. Abazov, V. Abramov, L. Afanasyev, R. Akhunzyanov, A. Akindinov, I. Alekseev, A. Aleshko, V. Alexakhin, G. Alexeev, L. Alimov, A. Allakhverdieva, A. Amoroso, V. Andreev, E. Andronov, Y. Anikin, S. Anischenko, A. Anisenkov, V. Anosov, E. Antokhin, A. Zvyagina, Technical Design Report of the Spin Physics Detector at NICA, Natural Sci. Rev. 1 (2024) 1. doi:10.54546/NaturalSciRev.100101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54546/NaturalSciRev.100101

[50] V. P. Ladygin, Spin Physics Detector at NICA, Phys. Part. Nucl. 57 (3) (2026) 423–427. doi: 10.1134/S1063779625701503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063779625701503

[51] Y. Filatov, A. Kondratenko, M. Kondratenko, V. Vorobyov, S. Vinogradov, E. Tsyplakov, A. Butenko, E. Syresin, S. Kostromin, Y. Derbenev, V. Morozov, Numerical modeling of a proton spin-flipping system in the spin transparency mode at an integer spin resonance in JINR’s Nuclotron, J. Instrum. 16 (2021) P12039. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/P12039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/P12039

[52] Y. Filatov, A. Kondratenko, N. Nikolaev, Y. Senichev, M. Kondratenko, S. Vinogradov, E. Tsyplakov, A. Butenko, S. Kostromin, V. Ladygin, E. Syresin, I. Guryleva, A. Melnikov, A. Aksentyev, Proton-spin-flipping system based on orbit-steerer dipoles in the Nuclotron/JINR operating at the g = 7 spin resonance, JETP Lett. 118 (2023). doi:10.1134/S0021364023602695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0021364023602695

[53] Y. N. Filatov, et al., Compensation of the effect of the imperfection of the Nuclotron/JINR lattice on the proton polarization near an integer spin resonance (brief review), JETP Lett. 120 (10) (2024) 779–787. doi:10.1134/S0021364024603695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0021364024603695

[54] Y. Senichev, A. Lehrach, B. Lorentz, R. Maier, S. Andrianov, A. Ivanov, S. Chekmenev, M. Berz, E. Valetov, Quasi-frozen spin method for EDM deuteron search, Proc. 6th Intern. Part. Accel. Conf., Richmond, Virginia, USA, 2015. doi:10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2015-MOPWA044.

[55] Y. Senichev, A. Aksentyev, S. Kolokolchikov, A. Melnikov, N. Nikolaev, V. Ladygin, E. Syresin, NICA facilities for the search for EDM light nuclei, Phys. At. Nucl. 87 (2024) 436–441. doi: 10.1134/S1063778824700534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778824700534

[56] Y. V. Senichev, A. E. Aksent’ev, S. D. Kolokol’chikov, A. A. Mel’nikov, N. N. Nikolaev, V. P. Ladygin, E. M. Syresin, Quasi-frozen spin structures at the NICA collider as an option to search for the electric dipole moment of deuterons and axion dark matter, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 21 (3) (2024) 261–265. doi:10.1134/S1547477124700092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477124700092

[57] Y. V. Senichev, S. D. Kolokolchikov, A. E. Aksentyev, A. A. Melnikov, N. N. Nikolaev, V. P. Ladygin, E. M. Syresin, Highly superperiodic structure of the Nuclotron with quasi-frozen spin for studying the electric dipole moment of light nuclei, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 23 (2) (2026) 206–210. doi:10.1134/S1547477125702127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477125702127

[58] N. N. Nikolaev, Spin of protons in NICA and PTR storage rings as an axion antenna, Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 115 (11) (2022) 683–684. arXiv:2204.13448, doi:10.1134/S0021364022600653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0021364022600653

[59] I. A. Koop, A. I. Milstein, N. N. Nikolaev, A. S. Popov, S. G. Salnikov, P. Y. Shatunov, Y. M. Shatunov, Strategies for probing P-parity violation in nuclear collisions at the NICA accelerator facility, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 17 (2) (2020) 154–159. doi:10.1134/S1547477120020107.

[60] I. A. Koop, A. I. Milstein, N. N. Nikolaev, A. S. Popov, S. G. Salnikov, P. Y. Shatunov, Y. M. Shatunov, Possibility to investigate P-parity violation in nuclear collisions at facility NICA, Fiz. Elem. Chast. Atom. Yadra 17 (2020) 122. arXiv:1911.10701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477120020107

[61] E. Tsyplakov, Y. Filatov, A. Kondratenko, M. Kondratenko, V. Lopatkin, S. Vinogradov, A. Butenko, S. Kostromin, V. Ladygin, E. Syresin, E. Butenko, E. Bogdanov, Deuteron spin flip system based on quadrupole correctors of the Nuclotron (JINR), Phys. Part. Nucl. 55 (4) (2024) 736–740. doi:10.1134/S1063779624700096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063779624700096

[62] V. S. Morozov, Z. B. Etienne, M. C. Kandes, A. D. Krisch, M. A. Leonova, D. W. Sivers, V. K. Wong, K. Yonehara, V. A. Anferov, H. O. Meyer, P. Schwandt, E. J. Stephenson, B. von Przewoski, First spin flipping of a stored spin-1 polarized beam, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 214801. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.214801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.214801

[63] M. Leonova, A. Krisch, V. Morozov, R. Raymond, V. Wong, K. Yonehara, U. Bechstedt, R. Gebel, A. Lehrach, B. Lorentz, R. Maier, D. Prasuhn, Spin flipping 1.94 GeV/c polarized protons stored in COSY, Phys. Rev. Special Topics — Accel. Beams 7 (2004) 024002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevSTAB. 7.024002.

[64] A. Kondratenko, M. Kondratenko, Y. Filatov, Calculation of spin resonance strength at COSY accelerator, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 5 (2008) 538–547. doi:10.1134/S1547477108060083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477108060083

[65] Y. Filatov, A. M. Kondratenko, M. A. Kondratenko, Y. S. Derbenev, V. Morozov, Transparent spin method for spin control of hadron beams in colliders, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 (2020). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.194801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.194801

[66] Y. Filatov, A. Kondratenko, M. Kondratenko, Y. Derbenev, V. Morozov, A. Kovalenko, Spin response function technique in spin-transparent synchrotrons, Eur. Phys. J. C 80 (2020). doi: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8344-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8344-5

[67] Y. Filatov, Concept of spin transparency at the NICA accelerator complex, Phys. Part. Nucl. 56 (2025) 363–369. doi:10.1134/S1063779624701648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063779624701648

[68] Y. Filatov, A. Kondratenko, M. Kondratenko, V. Vorobyov, S. Vinogradov, E. Tsyplakov, A. Kovalenko, A. Butenko, Y. Derbenev, V. Morozov, Hadron polarization control at integer spin resonances in synchrotrons using a spin navigator, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 24 (2021). doi:10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.24.061001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.24.061001

[69] A. Kondratenko, M. Kondratenko, A. Kovalenko, A. Butenko, S. Shimanskiy, E. Syresin, S. Vinogradov, Y. Filatov, Kinematics of proton and deuteron beam polarization in the transparent spin mode of the NICA collider, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1435 (2020) 012037. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1435/1/012037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1435/1/012037

[70] A. Kovalenko, A. Butenko, V. Mikhaylov, M. Kondratenko, A. Kondratenko, Y. Filatov, Spin transparency mode in the NICA collider with solenoid Siberian Snakes for proton and deuteron beam, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 938 (2018) 012025. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/938/1/012025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/938/1/012025

[71] A. Ageyev, Y. Altukhov, I. Bogdanov, S. Kozub, L. Tkachenko, V. Shuvalov, V. Borisov, Y. Gusakov, S. Kostromin, D. Nikiforov, E. Syresin, Superconducting solenoids for controlling beam polarization in the NICA collider, Prob. At. Sci. Techn. 128 (2) (2025) (in Russian).

[72] Y. Filatov, A. Kondratenko, M. Kondratenko, E. Tsyplakov, A. Butenko, V. Ladygin, V. Lebedev, E. Syresin, E. Butenko, Figure-8 synchrotron for polarized protons and deuterons at the NICA accelerator complex, Natural Sci. Rev. 2 (5) (2025) 100502. doi:10.54546/NaturalSciRev.100502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54546/NaturalSciRev.100502

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.