The 8Be nucleus and the Hoyle state in dissociation of relativistic nuclei
Ядро 8Be и состояние Хойла в диссоциации релятивистских ядер

Additional data

Submitted: 26.12.2025; Accepted: 10.02.2026; Published 11.03.2026;
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How to Cite

Andrei Zaitsev, Denis Artemenkov, Pavel Zarubin. "The 8Be nucleus and the Hoyle state in dissociation of relativistic nuclei" Natural Sci. Rev. 3 200603 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.54546/NaturalSciRev.200603
BibTex
Andrei Zaitsev1,2,a, Denis Artemenkov1, Pavel Zarubin1,2
  • 1Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
  • 2Р.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
  • azaicev@jinr.ru
DOI: 10.54546/NaturalSciRev.200603
Keywords: 8Be nuclei, Hoyle state, α-fragmentation, nuclear emulsion, relativistic nuclei
Topics: Physics , Nuclear Physics (Experiment) , 70th anniversary of JINR
PDF
Supplementary materials (Russian)

Abstract

Having become observable since the pioneering era of cosmic ray physics fragmentation, the events of relativistic nuclei in nuclear emulsions highlight the potential of this method to study extremely cold ensembles of H and He nuclei, thereby advancing the physics of nuclear clustering and, potentially, expanding nuclear astrophysics. Following the presentation of the progress of this method and orientation to the current problems, this review presents the key results and generalizations of the BECQUEREL experiment at JINR, obtained in the study of unstable nuclear states in the relativistic dissociation of a wide variety of nuclei. The productivity of this method is ensured by record-breaking spatial resolution and full sensitivity to relativistic fragments. According to invariant masses based on the most accurate measurements of emission angles in the extremely narrow fragmentation cone, the contributions of the decays of 8Be(0+), 8Be(2+), 9Be(1.7), 9B, 6Be, 12С(0+2) or the Hoyle state and 12C(3–) have been identified now. The increase in the contribution of 8Be(0+) with the multiplicity of accompanying α-particles, followed by 9B and 12C(0+2), has been established. The structure of these states and the diversity of parent nuclei without the influence of the initial energy assume the coalescence of α-particles and nucleons which appear in dissociation. The initial density and duration of the secondary interaction of the latter may be sufficient up to the lowest-energy fusion reactions. Such a scenario requires low-energy physics concepts to interpret the relativistic fragmentation. The usage of automated microscopy for the analysis of irradiation beams from the JINR NICA accelerator complex becomes a modern basis to apply the nuclear emulsion method which has become fundamental in the physics of the micro-world.

Acknowledgements

While still unresolved, the condensate problem proved to be a kind of signpost leading to inspiring findings. The shift toward this topic was made possible by the influence and support of colleagues. In the 2000s, the results of the BECQUEREL experiment were presented at the EXON conferences organized by Professor Yuri Penionzhkevich (Dubna), who passed away in August 2025. At the EXON-2009 conference, he organized our discussion with Professor Wolfram von Oerzen (Berlin), who was interested in multiple α-particle generations and the observability of 8Be forks among them for condensate searches. Having included this possibility in his review, he recommended our paper to the founder of this research, Professor Peter Schuck (Orsay), at the 2nd Workshop on Nuclear Clustering in 2010. At this workshop, Professor Gerd RÅNopke (Rostock) asked about the possibility of identifying decays of the Hoyle state, which was answered affirmatively, although the nature of the process was unclear at the time. The transition to practice became possible with new nuclear emulsion samples, the production of which was initiated by Natalia Polukhina (Moscow). Thanks to the active support of Vladimir Pikalov (Protvino), they were irradiated in a carbon beam in 2016. Our initial results continued our collaboration with Sergei Kharlamov (Moscow) and Natalia Peresadko (Troitsk), using existing measurements and accumulating new ones. The data they provided from their emulsion collaborations were analyzed during the 2020–2021 lockdown period. Our presentation at the 2019 cluster meeting in Trento was made possible thanks to the support of Professor David Blaschke (Wroclaw). Thus, this review was made possible thanks to the scientific solidarity of these colleagues and the colleagues whose names are among the authors of the cited papers. We hope we have not disappointed them. Research on the BECQUEREL experiment, which began two decades ago, would not have been possible without the constant support of our research leader at JINR, Professor Aleksandr Malakhov. We express our sincere gratitude to Irina Zarubina, who proofread this extensive text, and to Svetlana Chubakova, who edited its translation.

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