Аннотация
В 2026 году отмечаются две знаменательные даты в истории ядерной и аналитической науки: 100 лет со времени разработки метода изотопных индикаторов, который заложил основы ядерной медицины, и 90 лет со времени открытия нейтронно-активационного анализа (НАА). Оба события связаны с новаторскими исследованиями Дьёрдя де Хевеши. В ознаменование этих исторических дат в данном обзоре рассматривается развитие и применение НАА в клинической и экспериментальной медицине в Советском Союзе и России. Особое внимание уделено научно-исследовательским центрам, в которых применялся НАА, объектам исследований (биологическим материалам) и решаемым медицинским задачам, а также основным научным достижениям. В обзоре прослеживается история создания более 20 исследовательских ядерных реакторов в СССР и формирования специализированных научно-исследовательских подразделений, применяющих НАА для решения биомедицинских задач. Исследования представлены в хронологическом порядке. Они охватывают изучение содержания химических элементов в биологических жидкостях, тканях, органах, клетках и биомолекулах в норме и при патологии, а также работы с использованием стабильных изотопных индикаторов, изучение фармакокинетики лекарственных препараторов и контрастных веществ, наночастиц и проведение уникальных измерений in vivo. В обзоре подчёркивается, что нейтронно-активационный анализ обладает важными преимуществами, включая возможность проведения многоэлементного анализа, высокую чувствительность и способность определять содержание микроэлементов в биологических системах без сложной пробоподготовки. Эти возможности способствовали развитию фундаментальных медико-биологических исследований и созданию новых диагностических подходов. Исторический опыт свидетельствует о значительном вкладе советских и российских учёных в применение НАА в медицине и создаёт основу для оценки сохраняющейся научной значимости этого метода.
Поддерживающие организации
Библиографические ссылки
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