Аннотация
Тяжелые металлы в атмосфере представляют собой стойкие, биоаккумулятивные и токсичные загрязнители, способные к дальнему переносу и создающие значительные риски для экологии и здоровья населения. Данный обзор объединяет результаты пяти десятилетий исследований (1973–2024), посвященных источникам эмиссии, механизмам переноса, путям осаждения и методам мониторинга, и дополнен библиометрическим анализом 1642 статей, индексированных в Scopus. Антропогенная деятельность — промышленное производство, горно-металлургический комплекс, выхлопные газы и сельское хозяйство — остается основными источником загрязнения, в то время как вулканические извержения, геотермальная активность, морские аэрозоли и ветровая эрозия почв служат природными факторами. Попадая в атмосферу, металлы связываются с твердыми частицами (например, PM2.5, PM10), вовлекаются в атмосферную циркуляцию и выпадают на подстилающую поверхность в результате сухого и влажного осаждения, что обеспечивает их перенос из городских центров в агроэкосистемы и удаленные регионы. Наибольшие нагрузки осаждения фиксируются в городах; в сельскохозяйственных ландшафтах значимую роль играет листовое поглощение, а в удаленных экосистемах отчетливо прослеживаются сигналы трансграничного переноса. Прогресс в аналитических методах и биомониторинге, включая атомно-абсорбционную спектроскопию, масс-спектрометрию с индуктивно-связанной плазмой, рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ и использование мхов в качестве биоиндикаторов, позволил существенно повысить чувствительность регистрации. Мхи усиливают чувствительность, выступая в роли естественных интеграторов атмосферных выпадений. Благодаря высокому соотношению площади поверхности к массе, отсутствию кутикулы и корневой системы, а также прямому поглощению элементов из осадков и аэрозолей они эффективно накапливают микроэлементы, выявляя низкоуровневые и хронические сигналы загрязнения, которые часто остаются незамеченными при краткосрочном инструментальном отборе проб воздуха. Библиометрический анализ демонстрирует экспоненциальный рост числа публикаций и наличие устойчивых сетей сотрудничества, сосредоточенных в Азии, Европе и Северной Америке, при слабой представленности исследований в Африке, Южной Америке и Центральной Азии. К основным пробелам в исследованиях относятся: трудности, связанные с оценкой состояния здоровья в долгосрочной перспективе; сложность доступа к технологиям, которые позволяют осуществлять мониторинг в режиме реального времени, и их высокая стоимость; недостаточно детальная оценка вклада источников; недостаточное внимание в мире к проблемам, связанным с появлением новых загрязнителей.
Поддерживающие организации
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