The development of the unique cryogenic source of polarized deuterons, POLARIS, in the late 1970s was very fruitful and significantly enhanced JINR’s instrumental base for studies of nucleon-nucleon interactions as well as interactions of lightest nuclei with heavier nuclei.

Experimental data on polarization-dependent effects, obtained at the Synchrophasotron and the Nuclotron, significantly influenced the worldwide understanding of strong interactions between hadrons as well as the structure of lightest nuclei (the deuteron, first of all) at short inter-nucleon distances.

Experiments with polarized deuteron, proton and neutron beams at intermediate (several GeV) energies resulted in creation of wide collaborations between VBLHEP of JINR and other world centers (in the USSR and Russia, France, the USA, Germany, Japan, China). Many new and unexpected experimental results were obtained by those collaborations. In particular, many new unique results were obtained for the nucleon electromagnetic formfactors of nucleons, thanks to results of works within the ALPOM/ALPOM2 project. In addition, new ways became opened for experimental investigations with polarized ³He beams. In this direction, new unique results were obtained.

The necessary developments of the techniques for the spin program at the Nuclotron/NICA are discussed in the paper.

Refracton of particles (nucleons, nuclei, γ-quanta) in matter with polarized protons (nuclei) results in revealing coherent quasi-optical phenomenon of nuclear spin precession of particles (nuclei) in the pseudomagnetic field of matter with polarized spins and the phenomenon of birefringence of particles (nuclei) with spin S ⩾ 1. These phenomena can be observed and studied at the Nuclotron-M/NICA complex. The similar effects for γ-quanta could be observed at the LINAC accelerator.Quasi-optical coherent phenomena of spin rotation and dichroism are not caused by strong interactions only, the T-odd P-odd, T-odd P-even, and T-even P-odd interactions also contribute. Limits on the values of these contributions at the energies available at the Nuclotron-M/NICA complex can be obtained by investigating all these phenomena. When studying polarized particle collisions, it is necessary to consider possible influences of quasi-optical phenomena of spin rotation and spin dichroism caused by nuclear precession and birefringence.

The theory of spin effects (with the particular emphasis on T-odd ones) in QCD and its development in JINR is reviewed, including some personal recollections on the joint work with A.V. Efremov. The analysis of the sources of imaginary phases and respective cuts in hadronic kinematic variables leads to the effective character (non-universality) of T-odd distribution functions, contrary to universality of T-odd fragmentation functions. In particular, the model calculations of DIS with explicit T-violations can be used to predict the oscillations of T-odd polarizing fragmentation function. The comparison of polarization effects in hadronic and heavy-ion collisions is addressed.

We construct superconformal mechanics with N = 3 and N = 4 supersymmetries that were inspired by analogy with the supersymmetric Schwarzian mechanics. The Schwarzian, being another system with superconformal symmetry, provides insight into the field content of supersymmetric mechanics, most notably, on the number and properties of the fermionic fields involved. Adding more fermionic fields (four in the N = 3 case and eight in the N = 4 case) made it possible to construct systems possessing maximal superconformal symmetries in N = 3 and N = 4, namely osp(3|2) and D(1, 2; α). In the case of N = 4 supersymmetry, we explicitly construct a new variant of N = 4 superconformal mechanics in which all bosonic subalgebras of the D(1, 2; α) superalgebra have a bosonic realization. In addition, the constructed systems involve the so(3) currents whose parameterization is not fixed, which allows one to consider different underlying geometries.

This short review is devoted to the celebration of two major events in quantum physics. The first one is the birth of the concept of Bose–Einstein condensation (1925) and the second is the experimental proof that it does exist and appears in liquid ⁴He simultaneously with superfluidity below the λ-point (1975).
Both of these events are tightly related to the Bogoliubov theory of superfluidity (1947). The existence of condensate in the system of interacting bosons is the key ansatz of this theory. Therefore, the experiments started at JINR-Dubna in 1975 confirmed this prediction of the Bogoliubov theory that superfluidity of liquid ⁴He (He II) should emerge at the same time as the Bose–Einstein condensation.

Corrected:
13 November 2025 (the captions to Figures 1 and 2 were changed)
26 November 2025 (changes were made in formulas (53) and (55))

We consider a complex rational degeneration of the hyperbolic Ruijsenaars model emerging in the limit ω₁ + ω₂ → 0 (or b → i in 2d CFT) and investigate the two-particle case in detail. Corresponding wave functions are described by complex hypergeometric functions in the Mellin–Barnes representation. Their dual integral representation and reflection symmetry in the coupling constant are established. Besides, a complex limit of the hyperbolic Baxter Q-operators is considered. Another complex degeneration of the hyperbolic Ruijsenaars model is obtained by taking a special ω₁ − ω₂ → 0 (or b → 1) limit. Additionally, two new degenerations to the complex Calogero–Sutherland type models are described.